{
  "$id": "https://law.org.ai/reserved-acts.json",
  "catalog": "reserved-acts",
  "industry": "law",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "published": "2026-07-31",
  "jurisdiction": "Citations are Minnesota (revisor.mn.gov). Act names are intended to survive translation to any US state; where a state draws a line differently, its version of this catalog should say so with its own citations.",
  "program": "law.org.ai — a program of the Org.AI Foundation",
  "humanFace": "https://law.org.ai/reserved-acts",
  "acts": [
    {
      "id": "appear-before-tribunal",
      "name": "Appearing before a tribunal",
      "reserved": "Representing another person in a court or other tribunal.",
      "citations": [
        "Minn. Stat. § 481.02, subd. 1",
        "MN RPC 5.5(a)",
        "MN Supervised Practice Rules (narrow, certified exceptions only)"
      ],
      "lawyerMaySuperviseAMachineIn": [
        "legal research",
        "argument outlines",
        "exhibit and record organization",
        "transcript summaries",
        "deadline tracking"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "final-legal-advice",
      "name": "Giving final legal advice",
      "reserved": "Applying law to one person's facts, delivered to that person as advice they may rely on.",
      "citations": [
        "Minn. Stat. § 481.02, subd. 1",
        "Gardner v. Conway, 234 Minn. 468 (1951)",
        "MN RPC 2.1"
      ],
      "lawyerMaySuperviseAMachineIn": [
        "research memos",
        "issue-spotting",
        "plain-English draft explanations adopted by the lawyer before reaching the client"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "sign-and-file",
      "name": "Signing and filing pleadings and court documents",
      "reserved": "The signature on a filing is a licensed human's certification, and it does not delegate.",
      "citations": [
        "Minn. Stat. § 481.02",
        "MN Supervised Practice Rules (the supervising lawyer signs)"
      ],
      "lawyerMaySuperviseAMachineIn": [
        "drafting",
        "cite-checking",
        "formatting to court rules",
        "assembling exhibits behind a mandatory human verification gate"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fees",
      "name": "Setting and taking legal fees",
      "reserved": "The fee is the lawyer's judgment; the fee agreement is the lawyer's signed contract with the client; the fee is never shared with a nonlawyer.",
      "citations": [
        "MN RPC 1.5(a)",
        "MN RPC 1.5(b)(1)",
        "MN RPC 1.15",
        "MN RPC 5.4(a)"
      ],
      "lawyerMaySuperviseAMachineIn": [
        "generating the agreement for the lawyer's adoption",
        "invoicing mechanics",
        "payment processing that takes no title to the fee"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "consequential-decisions",
      "name": "Binding the client on consequential decisions",
      "reserved": "Settling, changing the scope of representation, waiving a conflict — the client's own decisions, received from a verified human, never inferred by software.",
      "citations": [
        "MN RPC 1.2(a)",
        "MN RPC 1.0(f)",
        "MN RPC 1.7(b)(4)",
        "MN RPC 1.4"
      ],
      "lawyerMaySuperviseAMachineIn": [
        "preparing the decision memo",
        "delivering it to the verified human",
        "recording the acknowledgment"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "delegableDefault": "Everything not listed is preparatory work a licensed lawyer may supervise a machine in doing (MN RPC 5.3; ABA Formal Opinion 512).",
  "changelog": [
    {
      "version": "0.1.0",
      "date": "2026-07-31",
      "note": "First publication. Five acts, Minnesota citations, from a rule-by-rule mapping verified against revisor.mn.gov."
    }
  ],
  "notice": "This catalog states the program's position, not any regulator's. Nothing here is legal advice."
}